Garageband For Ipad Tutorial: Make Music Like A Pro On Your Ipad
Unleash Your Musical Creativity with GarageBand for iPad: A Comprehensive Tutorial
GarageBand for iPad tutorial provides a comprehensive guide to harnessing the capabilities of this versatile music creation app, empowering aspiring musicians and producers to transform their musical visions into reality. GarageBand, renowned for its user-friendly interface, extensive sound library, and intuitive features, has revolutionized music production, making it accessible to anyone with an iPad.
The relevance of GarageBand for iPad tutorials lies in the growing popularity of music production among, the increasing demand for accessible and portable music creation tools, and the app's continuous evolution with new features and updates. Benefits include its intuitive interface, making it easy for beginners to learn and navigate, as well as its vast sound library and virtual instruments, offering a wide range of sonic possibilities. A key historical development was the introduction of GarageBand for iPad in 2011, which brought professional-grade music production capabilities to a mobile platform for the first time.
This tutorial will delve into the essential aspects of GarageBand for iPad, guiding you through the fundamentals of music production, from creating beats and melodies to recording and mixing tracks. Whether you're a seasoned musician or just starting your musical journey, this comprehensive guide will equip you with the knowledge and skills to unleash your creativity and produce high-quality music using GarageBand for iPad.
GarageBand for iPad Tutorial
Understanding the key aspects of GarageBand for iPad is vital for unlocking its full potential and creating high-quality music. Let's explore nine essential elements:
- Interface: User-friendly and intuitive workspace.
- Sound Library: Extensive collection of instruments, loops, and effects.
- Virtual Instruments: Realistic and expressive virtual instruments.
- Audio Recording: Record live instruments and vocals.
- MIDI Editing: Create and edit MIDI sequences.
- Mixing Console: Adjust levels, EQ, and effects.
- Automation: Create dynamic changes over time.
- Sharing: Export and share music in various formats.
- Challenges: Limited processing power compared to desktop DAWs.
These key points provide a comprehensive overview of GarageBand for iPad's capabilities and potential challenges. The user-friendly interface and extensive sound library make it accessible to beginners, while the virtual instruments, audio recording, and MIDI editing features offer advanced functionality for experienced musicians. The mixing console allows for precise control over the sonic elements, and automation enables dynamic changes in the mix. Sharing options facilitate collaboration and distribution of finished tracks. However, the limited processing power of the iPad compared to desktop digital audio workstations (DAWs) can pose challenges for complex projects.
By understanding these essential aspects, GarageBand for iPad users can harness the app's full potential, creating and producing music with professional quality and sonic excellence.
Interface
The user-friendly and intuitive workspace of GarageBand for iPad is a crucial element that significantly enhances the overall experience of the app's tutorial. Let's delve deeper into this aspect:
Cause and Effect: The user-friendly interface directly influences the effectiveness of the GarageBand for iPad tutorial. A well-designed interface reduces the learning curve, allowing users to grasp concepts quickly and focus on creating music rather than struggling with technicalities. Conversely, a poorly designed interface can hinder the learning process, leading to frustration and abandonment of the tutorial.
Components: The user-friendly interface of GarageBand for iPad comprises several key components that contribute to its effectiveness. These include a clean and clutter-free layout, intuitive icons and controls, drag-and-drop functionality, and a logical workflow. Additionally, the tutorial provides clear instructions, visual cues, and interactive elements that guide users through the various features and functions of the app.
Examples: Real-life instances showcasing the impact of the user-friendly interface in the GarageBand for iPad tutorial include:
- A beginner with no prior music production experience can easily navigate the app and start creating music within minutes.
- The drag-and-drop functionality allows users to quickly add instruments, loops, and effects to their projects, fostering creativity and experimentation.
- The intuitive controls and visual cues enable users to make precise adjustments to their tracks, fine-tuning the sound and overall mix.
Applications: Understanding the user-friendly interface of GarageBand for iPad is essential for:
- Accelerated Learning: Users can progress through the tutorial more efficiently, dedicating less time to understanding the interface and more time to creating music.
- Improved Creativity: The intuitive interface allows users to focus on their musical ideas rather than technical details, fostering creativity and innovation.
- Enhanced Engagement: A well-designed interface keeps users engaged and motivated, increasing the likelihood of completing the tutorial and continuing their music production journey.
In summary, the user-friendly and intuitive workspace of GarageBand for iPad is a key factor in the effectiveness of the tutorial. It reduces the learning curve, accelerates progress, enhances creativity, and increases engagement. By understanding and utilizing the various components of the interface, users can unlock the full potential of the app and create high-quality music with ease.
Sound Library
The extensive sound library in GarageBand for iPad plays a pivotal role in the tutorial's effectiveness and the overall music creation experience. Let's delve deeper into this connection:
Cause and Effect: The extensive sound library directly influences the tutorial's outcomes. A well-curated library empowers users to explore diverse musical genres, experiment with different sounds, and create unique compositions. Conversely, a limited sound library can hinder creativity and restrict users' ability to fully express their musical ideas.
Components: The sound library is an essential element of the GarageBand for iPad tutorial. It comprises a wide range of instruments, loops, and effects, each contributing to the overall sound and texture of a musical piece. These components allow users to build their tracks from scratch or enhance existing ones, fostering a sense of accomplishment and encouraging experimentation.
Examples: Real-life instances showcasing the impact of the sound library in the GarageBand for iPad tutorial include:
- A user with a passion for electronic music can utilize the library's vast collection of synthesizers, drum machines, and electronic loops to create dynamic and captivating tracks.
- An aspiring singer-songwriter can leverage the library's acoustic guitars, pianos, and vocal effects to produce polished and professional-sounding recordings.
- A film composer can incorporate the library's orchestral instruments, sound effects, and cinematic loops to create immersive and evocative scores.
Applications: Understanding the sound library's significance in the GarageBand for iPad tutorial is crucial for:
- Enhanced Creativity: The diverse and extensive sound library fuels users' creativity, allowing them to explore new musical possibilities and express their unique artistic vision.
- Accelerated Learning: The tutorial's lessons and exercises are designed to utilize the sound library effectively, enabling users to quickly grasp music production concepts and techniques.
- Professional-Quality Music Production: The high-quality instruments, loops, and effects in the sound library empower users to produce music that rivals the output of professional recording studios.
In summary, the extensive sound library in GarageBand for iPad is a key factor in the tutorial's success. It sparks creativity, accelerates learning, and enables the production of professional-quality music. By understanding and utilizing the vast array of sounds available, users can unlock their full musical potential and create compelling compositions that resonate with listeners.
Potential Challenges: While the sound library is extensive, it may not cater to all niche musical genres or highly specialized needs. Additionally, managing a large sound library can be demanding on the iPad's storage capacity.
Broader Connections: The sound library in GarageBand for iPad serves as a microcosm of the vast and ever-evolving world of music production. It showcases the importance of having access to a diverse range of sounds and tools, underscoring the role of technology in empowering musicians to create and share their music with the world.
Virtual Instruments
At the heart of GarageBand for iPad's music production capabilities lies its impressive collection of virtual instruments, offering a wide range of realistic and expressive sounds. These virtual instruments empower users to create and perform music using a diverse array of instruments, from classic pianos and guitars to synthesizers and drum machines, all within the convenience of their iPad.
- Authentic Sounds: GarageBand's virtual instruments are meticulously crafted to capture the nuances and subtleties of their real-world counterparts. This authenticity extends to the instruments' sound, articulation, and response to playing dynamics, resulting in incredibly realistic and lifelike performances.
- Intuitive Interface: The virtual instruments feature an intuitive and user-friendly interface, making them accessible to musicians of all skill levels. Users can easily select instruments, adjust settings, and tweak parameters to achieve the desired sound, fostering a creative and experimental workflow.
- Extensive Library: GarageBand boasts an extensive library of virtual instruments, covering a wide spectrum of musical genres and styles. This vast selection empowers users to explore different sounds, experiment with new musical ideas, and create diverse compositions, all within a single app.
- Flexibility and Control: The virtual instruments provide extensive flexibility and control over various aspects of sound. Users can adjust parameters such as attack, decay, sustain, and release, as well as apply effects and modulation to shape and enhance the sound, allowing for a high degree of sonic customization.
The realistic and expressive virtual instruments in GarageBand for iPad play a pivotal role in the overall tutorial experience. They provide users with a comprehensive and versatile toolkit to create professional-quality music, regardless of their skill level or musical background. These virtual instruments serve as a testament to the app's commitment to innovation and its dedication to empowering musicians with powerful and accessible music production tools.
In summary, GarageBand's virtual instruments offer authentic sounds, an intuitive interface, an extensive library, and remarkable flexibility, enabling users to create realistic and expressive music, unlocking their creativity and transforming their musical ideas into polished compositions.
Audio Recording
The ability to record live instruments and vocals is a cornerstone of GarageBand for iPad's functionality and a crucial aspect of the tutorial's effectiveness. This feature empowers users to seamlessly integrate their real-world performances into their digital compositions, fostering a sense of authenticity and personal connection with their music.
Cause and Effect: The presence of audio recording capabilities in GarageBand for iPad directly influences the tutorial's outcomes. It allows users to:
- Capture Live Performances: Musicians can record their instrument playing or vocal melodies directly into GarageBand, preserving the raw energy and emotion of their performances.
- Enhance Recordings: Recorded tracks can be further refined and enhanced within GarageBand using a range of editing tools, effects, and mixing techniques.
- Create Multi-track Recordings: Users can record multiple instruments and vocals simultaneously, creating layered and intricate arrangements.
Components: Audio recording is an essential element of the GarageBand for iPad tutorial, comprising several key components:
- Audio Input: The iPad's built-in microphone or an external audio interface can be used to capture audio signals.
- Recording Controls: Users can start, stop, and pause recordings, as well as adjust input levels and monitoring options.
- Waveform Display: A visual representation of the recorded audio allows for precise editing and manipulation.
Examples: Real-life instances showcasing the impact of audio recording in the GarageBand for iPad tutorial include:
- A singer-songwriter can record their guitar playing and vocals simultaneously, creating a raw and intimate acoustic performance.
- An electronic musician can connect their synthesizer to the iPad and record intricate melodies and rhythms, forming the foundation of their track.
- A band can use GarageBand to record a multi-track demo, capturing the energy of their live performance and sharing it with potential collaborators or producers.
Applications: Understanding audio recording in GarageBand for iPad is essential for:
- Songwriting and Composition: Musicians can use audio recording to capture musical ideas and inspirations, forming the basis of new songs and compositions.
- Music Production: Recorded audio tracks can be manipulated, edited, and mixed within GarageBand, allowing users to create polished and professional-sounding productions.
- Collaboration: Audio recording facilitates collaboration with other musicians, enabling remote recording and the exchange of musical ideas.
In summary, the audio recording capabilities in GarageBand for iPad empower users to capture live performances, enhance recordings, and create multi-track arrangements. These features are essential for songwriting, music production, and collaboration, making them a cornerstone of the GarageBand for iPad tutorial and a powerful tool for aspiring musicians.
Potential Challenges: While audio recording in GarageBand is generally straightforward, users may encounter challenges related to audio quality, latency issues, or managing multiple tracks in complex projects.
Broader Connections: The ability to record live instruments and vocals in GarageBand for iPad aligns with the broader trend of democratizing music production and empowering musicians with accessible and portable tools. This feature reflects the growing popularity of home recording and the increasing demand for versatile and user-friendly music creation software.
MIDI Editing
MIDI editing, a fundamental aspect of digital music production, plays a pivotal role in the GarageBand for iPad tutorial, empowering users to create and manipulate musical sequences with precision and flexibility.
Cause and Effect: MIDI editing directly influences the tutorial's effectiveness by enabling users to:
- Compose and Arrange Music: Users can create melodies, harmonies, and rhythms by inputting MIDI notes and manipulating their properties.
- Edit and Refine Performances: Recorded MIDI performances can be edited to correct mistakes, adjust timing, or enhance expressiveness.
- Control Virtual Instruments: MIDI data can be used to control virtual instruments, allowing users to play realistic instrument sounds.
Components: MIDI editing is an essential element of the GarageBand for iPad tutorial, comprising several key components:
- MIDI Editor: A dedicated workspace within GarageBand where MIDI sequences can be viewed, edited, and manipulated.
- Piano Roll: A graphical representation of MIDI notes, allowing for intuitive editing of pitch and duration.
- MIDI Tools: A range of tools for editing MIDI data, including note selection, transposition, quantization, and velocity adjustment.
Examples: Real-life instances showcasing MIDI editing in action within the GarageBand for iPad tutorial include:
- A pianist can use the MIDI editor to correct mistakes in a recorded performance, ensuring a flawless final take.
- A composer can create intricate melodies and harmonies by inputting MIDI notes and adjusting their properties.
- A music producer can use MIDI data to control virtual instruments, creating realistic and expressive instrument sounds.
Applications: Understanding MIDI editing in the GarageBand for iPad tutorial is essential for:
- Music Composition and Arrangement: Users can create complete musical arrangements by composing and editing MIDI sequences for various instruments.
- Music Production: MIDI editing allows users to refine and polish their musical productions, achieving professional-sounding results.
- Sound Design: MIDI data can be used to control synthesizers and other sound design tools, creating unique and innovative sounds.
In summary, MIDI editing in the GarageBand for iPad tutorial empowers users to create, edit, and manipulate musical sequences with precision and flexibility. This capability opens up a world of creative possibilities, enabling users to compose music, produce professional-sounding tracks, and explore the realm of sound design.
Potential Challenges: While MIDI editing in GarageBand is generally accessible, users may encounter challenges related to understanding MIDI concepts, mastering the MIDI editor interface, and dealing with complex MIDI sequences.
Broader Connections: MIDI editing in GarageBand for iPad reflects the broader trend of digital music production, where MIDI has become the standard for controlling and manipulating electronic instruments and sounds. This capability aligns with the tutorial's goal of providing users with comprehensive music production skills in a portable and accessible format.
Mixing Console
Within the comprehensive "GarageBand for iPad Tutorial," the "Mixing Console: Adjust Levels, EQ, and Effects" section plays a pivotal role in guiding aspiring music producers through the art of mixing and mastering their digital creations. This essential aspect of the tutorial empowers users to refine and polish their musical arrangements, achieving a balanced and professional sound.
- Channel Strips:
These individual mixing modules control the volume, panning, EQ, and effects for each audio track.
- EQ (Equalization):
A powerful tool for adjusting the frequency response of audio tracks, allowing users to boost or cut specific frequencies to enhance clarity and balance.
- Effects:
A vast array of built-in effects, including reverb, delay, distortion, and compression, enabling users to add depth, space, and character to their tracks.
- Automation:
The ability to record and control changes in volume, panning, EQ, and effects over time, creating dynamic and evolving mixes.
Understanding and mastering the Mixing Console is crucial for achieving a professional and polished sound in music production. By adjusting levels, applying EQ, and experimenting with effects, users can bring their musical ideas to life, creating immersive and engaging sonic experiences for their listeners. Furthermore, the Automation feature allows for intricate control over the mix, adding movement and depth to the final production.
Automation
In the comprehensive "GarageBand for iPad Tutorial," the section on "Automation: Create dynamic changes over time" holds immense significance, guiding aspiring music producers in the art of crafting dynamic and evolving mixes. Through automation, users can bring their musical ideas to life, adding movement, depth, and interest to their compositions.
- Recordable Parameters:
Automation allows users to record and control changes in various parameters over time, including volume, panning, EQ, and effects.
- Envelope/Curve Editing:
Users can precisely shape the automation curves, creating smooth fades, sudden jumps, or complex variations, enabling intricate control over the mix.
- Synced to Tempo:
Automation can be synchronized to the project's tempo, ensuring that changes occur in time with the music, resulting in cohesive and rhythmic transitions.
- Automation Lanes:
Each track in GarageBand features dedicated automation lanes, providing a visual representation of the automation data, allowing users to easily edit and fine-tune their automations.
By harnessing the power of automation, users can achieve a wide range of creative effects, such as gradually increasing the volume of a lead instrument during a solo, subtly adjusting the panning of a backing vocal to create a stereo effect, or adding a sweeping delay to a guitar track to create a sense of space. The possibilities are endless, empowering users to bring their musical vision to life and create truly immersive and engaging sonic experiences.
Sharing
In the comprehensive "GarageBand for iPad Tutorial," the section on "Sharing: Export and share music in various formats" holds immense importance, guiding aspiring music producers in the art of presenting and distributing their musical creations to the world. Through various export and sharing options, users can share their music in a multitude of formats, catering to diverse platforms and audiences.
- Export Audio:
Users can export their GarageBand projects as high-quality audio files in various formats, including WAV, AIFF, and MP3, allowing for easy sharing and compatibility with various devices and software.
- Share to Social Media:
GarageBand seamlessly integrates with popular social media platforms, enabling users to share their music directly to their social networks, such as SoundCloud, YouTube, and Facebook, expanding their reach and connecting with a wider audience.
- Collaboration:
GarageBand facilitates collaboration among musicians by allowing users to export their projects in GarageBand format, enabling other GarageBand users to open and edit the project, fostering creativity and teamwork.
- Distribution Platforms:
Users can directly distribute their music to streaming platforms and online stores, such as Apple Music, Spotify, and iTunes, through GarageBand's built-in distribution tools, enabling them to reach a global audience and potentially monetize their creations.
The "Sharing: Export and share music in various formats" section empowers users to seamlessly share their musical creations with others, whether it's for personal enjoyment, collaboration, or professional distribution. By understanding and utilizing these export and sharing options, aspiring music producers can effectively present their music to the world, connect with audiences, and potentially embark on a successful music career.
Challenges
While GarageBand for iPad offers immense potential for music production, it faces inherent limitations due to its mobile nature. One significant challenge lies in its limited processing power compared to desktop digital audio workstations (DAWs). This disparity can manifest in several ways, potentially affecting the overall music production experience.
- Track Count and Complexity:
The number of audio tracks and the complexity of each track (e.g., layering multiple instruments, effects, and automation) that GarageBand for iPad can handle simultaneously may be limited compared to desktop DAWs. This limitation can hinder the creation of intricate and densely arranged compositions.
- Plugin Compatibility and Performance:
GarageBand for iPad may have limited compatibility with third-party plugins, which are software tools that extend the functionality of DAWs. Additionally, even compatible plugins may perform less efficiently on the iPad's hardware, potentially introducing latency or causing audio dropouts.
- Real-time Effects and Processing:
The limited processing power of the iPad may impact the real-time performance of effects and processing. This can be particularly noticeable when using intensive effects such as convolution reverb or complex distortion algorithms, potentially leading to audio glitches or delayed responses.
- Mixing and Mastering:
The mixing and mastering stages of music production require intensive processing for tasks such as EQ, compression, and limiting. The limited processing power of the iPad may make it challenging to achieve the same level of precision and control as with desktop DAWs, potentially affecting the overall sonic quality of the final mix.
These challenges highlight the trade-offs inherent in using a mobile device for music production. While the iPad offers portability and convenience, it may not be suitable for complex or resource-intensive projects that require the full capabilities of a desktop DAW. However, GarageBand for iPad remains a powerful tool for creating and arranging music, particularly for musicians who value mobility and the ability to work on their music anywhere.
Frequently Asked Questions
This section addresses common questions and misconceptions regarding the "GarageBand for iPad Tutorial," providing clarity and additional insights for a better understanding of the tutorial's content and objectives.
Question 1: Is GarageBand for iPad suitable for beginners with no prior music production experience?
Answer: Absolutely. GarageBand for iPad is designed with user-friendly features and intuitive controls, making it accessible to individuals with no prior music production knowledge. The tutorial provides step-by-step guidance, enabling beginners to quickly grasp the fundamentals and start creating music.
Question 2: What type of music can I create with GarageBand for iPad?
Answer: GarageBand for iPad offers versatility in music production, allowing users to explore various genres and styles. From electronic music and hip-hop to acoustic singer-songwriter tracks and orchestral compositions, the extensive sound library and virtual instruments cater to a wide range of musical tastes and creative visions.
Question 3: Can I record my own instruments and vocals using GarageBand for iPad?
Answer: Yes, GarageBand for iPad provides audio recording capabilities, enabling users to seamlessly integrate live performances into their digital compositions. Whether it's capturing guitar riffs, vocal melodies, or drum beats, the tutorial guides users through the process of recording, editing, and mixing audio tracks.
Question 4: How can I share my music with others after creating it in GarageBand for iPad?
Answer: GarageBand for iPad offers multiple options for sharing your musical creations. You can export your projects in various audio formats, share them directly to social media platforms, collaborate with other GarageBand users, and even distribute your music to streaming platforms and online stores, expanding your reach and connecting with audiences worldwide.
Question 5: Are there any limitations to using GarageBand for iPad compared to professional desktop DAWs?
Answer: While GarageBand for iPad is a powerful tool, it has certain limitations due to its mobile nature. The processing power may limit the number of tracks and the complexity of arrangements that can be handled simultaneously. Additionally, compatibility with third-party plugins and the overall performance of some effects and processing may be affected. However, GarageBand for iPad remains a formidable choice for creating high-quality music on a portable device.
Question 6: What are some additional resources available to enhance my learning experience with the GarageBand for iPad tutorial?
Answer: To further enhance your learning journey, consider exploring online forums, tutorials, and communities dedicated to GarageBand and music production. These resources provide valuable insights, tips, and inspiration from experienced users and fellow musicians, helping you expand your skills and knowledge.
These FAQs offer a comprehensive overview of the key aspects of the "GarageBand for iPad Tutorial," addressing common concerns and highlighting the tutorial's strengths and limitations. As you embark on your musical journey with GarageBand for iPad, remember that practice, experimentation, and continuous learning are essential to unlocking your full creative potential.
The next section of this article delves deeper into the advanced features and techniques of GarageBand for iPad, providing a roadmap for aspiring musicians to elevate their music production skills and create professional-quality compositions.
Tips for Mastering GarageBand for iPad
This section provides valuable tips and techniques to help you unlock the full potential of GarageBand for iPad and elevate your music production skills.
Tip 1: Utilize the Sound Library: Dive into the extensive sound library, experimenting with various instruments, loops, and effects. Combine and layer sounds to create unique and captivating sonic textures.
Tip 2: Explore Virtual Instruments: Master the virtual instruments, adjusting parameters like attack, decay, and release to achieve realistic and expressive performances. Experiment with different playing styles and techniques to bring your compositions to life.
Tip 3: Harness Audio Recording: Utilize the audio recording capabilities to integrate live instruments and vocals into your projects. Experiment with different microphone techniques and settings to capture high-quality audio. Explore creative ways to blend recorded elements with virtual instruments.
Tip 4: Master MIDI Editing: Delve into MIDI editing to refine your performances, correct mistakes, and enhance expressiveness. Quantize notes for precise timing, adjust velocities for dynamic control, and apply MIDI effects for added depth.
Tip 5: Fine-tune Your Mix: Utilize the mixing console to balance levels, apply EQ, and add effects. Experiment with different panning techniques to create a wide and immersive soundscape. Automate volume, panning, and effects over time to add movement and interest to your mix.
Tip 6: Share Your Creations: Export your projects in various audio formats, making them accessible across different devices and platforms. Share your music on social media, collaborate with other musicians, and distribute your tracks to streaming platforms, expanding your audience and showcasing your talent.
Tip 7: Embrace Continuous Learning: Keep exploring new features, techniques, and genres to expand your musical horizons. Engage with online tutorials, communities, and resources dedicated to GarageBand and music production. Attend workshops and masterclasses to deepen your knowledge and skills.
These tips provide a roadmap for unlocking the full potential of GarageBand for iPad. By mastering these techniques, you'll elevate your music production skills, create professional-quality compositions, and captivate your audience with your musical creations.
In the concluding section, we'll delve into the future of GarageBand for iPad, exploring upcoming features, trends, and innovations that will further enhance the music production experience on this versatile platform.
Conclusion
This comprehensive exploration of the "GarageBand for iPad Tutorial" has illuminated the vast potential of this versatile music production platform. Key insights reveal the tutorial's effectiveness in empowering aspiring musicians and producers, regardless of their skill level or musical background.
The user-friendly interface, extensive sound library, virtual instruments, and audio recording capabilities provide a solid foundation for creating professional-quality music. Additionally, features such as MIDI editing, the mixing console, automation, and sharing options offer advanced functionality for fine-tuning compositions and reaching a global audience.
These elements are interconnected, forming a cohesive ecosystem that fosters creativity and innovation. The user-friendly interface makes it easy to harness the power of the sound library and virtual instruments, while MIDI editing and the mixing console allow for precise control over every aspect of the production. Automation and sharing options further extend the creative possibilities, enabling dynamic changes and seamless distribution of finished tracks.
The future of GarageBand for iPad looks promising, with ongoing developments and innovations that will further enhance the music production experience. As technology continues to advance, musicians can expect even more powerful features, sound libraries, and virtual instruments, expanding their creative horizons and empowering them to produce music that rivals studio-quality recordings.